Monitoring of Organochlorine Pesticides in Breast Milk of Women of Kyrgyzstan
Abstract
The current study highlights a challenging issue of chemical safety, which has not yet been adequately studied, i.e. far-reaching after-effects of widespread use of pesticides in the historical period of the 1970–80s on the territory of the former USSR republics, which still has an adverse impact on the environment. Results of analyzes for the presence of persistent organic pollutants – organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in breast milk of 108 women living in rural areas of southern Kyrgyzstan in different ecological zones are presented. Four types of OCPs have been found in the breast milk samples obtained from 37 of 108 women, i.e. dichlorodiphenylethylene (DDE) and three isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane – α-HCH, β-HCH, and γ-HCH. The content of OCPs detected in breast milk samples varied in the range from 0 to 100% with the maximum total pesticide concentration reaching 0.29 mg/L. The results are discussed in terms of data available for sources of pollution at the sites of the former pesticide use. Possible sources of OCP pollution in southern Kyrgyzstan can be associated with territories located at an altitude of more than 3,500 m above sea level, which have been former foci of plague and where marmot holes have been treated with DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) as an infection pathogen-fighting agent, in the 1980s. Additionally, the secondary sources of OCP pollution can be attributed to the former pesticides storehouses, agro-air strips, etc., which have been intensively used more than 30 years ago. The obtained and published literature data are analyzed for the purpose of developing measures aimed at rehabilitation of the environment and human health protection.
References
Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. http://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/pdf/pollutants.pdf (accessed: 30.10.2019).
Toichuev R.M., Zhilova L.V., Makambaeva G.B. et al. Assessment and review of organochlorine pesticide pollution in Kyrgyzstan // Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2017. V. 25. No. 32. P. 31836. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0001-7.
National Plan on Implementation of Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants by the Kyrgyz Republic. Approved government resolution No. 371-r of the Kyrgyz Republic. Bishkek 3rd July, 2006 [in Russian].
Paizildaev T. Contamination of breast milk with organochlorine pesticides in the Osh Province of the Kyrgyz Republic // Proceedings of 29th Annual Sci. Conf. International Society of Environmental Epidemiology (ISEE 2017). Sydney, Australia, 2017.
Toichuev R.M., Zhilova L.V., Payzildaev T.R. et al. Organochlorine pesticides in placenta in Kyrgyzstan and the effect on pregnancy, childbirth, and newborn health // Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2018. V. 25. No. 32. P. 31885. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0962-6.
Bacteriological control of breast milk. Methodological Recommendations. М., 1984. 34 p. [in Russian].
Guidelines for selective gas chromatographic determination of organochlorine pesticides in biological media (urine, blood, adipose tissue) and in breast milk. Procedural details No. 3151-84. М., 1990 [in Russian].
Malevich Yu.K., Simonova E.V. // Belorusskii meditsynskii zhurnal [Belorussian medical journal]. 2003. No. 3. P. 86 [in Russian].
Hedley A.J., Hui L.L., Kypke K. et al. Residues of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in human milk in Hong Kong // Chemosphere. 2010. V. 79. No. 3. P. 259. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.01.047.
Karakushikova A.S., Toguzbaeva K.K., Myrzakhmetova Sh.K. et al. // Vestnik Kaz. NMU [Bulletin Kaz. Nat. Med. Univ.]. 2014. No. 3(3). P. 23 [in Russian].
Toguzbaeva K.K., Niyazbekova L.S., Seiduanova L.B. et al. // Mezhdunarodnyi zhurnal prikladnykh i fundamental’nykh issledovanii [Int. J. Appl. Fundam. Research]. 2016. No. 4-2. P. 507 [in Russian].
Hui L.L., Hedley A.J., Kypke K. et al. DDT levels in human milk in Hong Kong, 2001-02 // Chemosphere. 2008. V. 73. No. 1. P. 50. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.05.045.
Stuetz W., Prapamontol T., Erhardt J.G., Classen H.G. Organochlorine pesticide residues in human milk of a Hmong hill tribe living in Northern Thailand // Sci. Total Environ. 2001. V. 273 (1-3). P. 53. DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(00)00842-1.
Croes K., Colles A., Koppen G. et al. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in human milk: a biomonitoring study in rural areas of Flanders (Belgium) // Chemosphere. 2012. V. 89. No. 8. P. 988. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.06.058.
Tadevosyan N.S. // Vestnik KGMA im. Akhunbaev [Bulletin of AkhunbaevKyrgyz State Medical Academy]. 2016. No. 5. P. 159 [in Russian].
Johnson-Restrepo B., Addink R., Wong C. et al. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and organochlorine pesticides in human breast milk from Massachusetts, USA // J. Environ. Monit. 2007. V. 9. No. 11. P. 1205. DOI: 10.1039/B711409P.
Cok A., Bilgili M., Ozdemir H. et al. Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Human Breast Milk from Agricultural Regions of Turkey, 1995-1996 // Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1997. V. 59. P. 577. DOI: 10.1007/s001289900518.
Wong C.K.C., Leung K.M., Poon B.H.T. et al. Organochlorine Hydrocarbons in Human Breast Milk Collected in Hong Kong and Guangzhou // Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2002. V/ 43. No. 3. P. 0364. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-002-1210-7.
Lee S., Kim S., Lee H.K. et al. Contamination of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in breast milk in Korea: Time-course variation, influencing factors, and exposure assessment // Chemosphere. 2013. V. 93. P. 1578. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.08.011.
Mamontova E.A., Tarasova E.N., Kuz’min M.I. et al. // Gigiena i sanitariya [Hygiene and sanitation]. 2010. No. 1. P. 35 [in Russian].
Sergeyev O., Shelepchikov A., Denisova T. et al. POPs in human milk in Chapaevsk, Russia, five years following cessation of chemical manufacturing and decade of remediation program, pilot study // Organohalogen Compounds. 2008. V. 70. P. 1946.
Madykova J.A. Contamination of cow’s milk with organochlorine pesticides in the Osh Province, Kyrgyzstan // Proceedings of 29th Annual Sci. Conf. International Society of Environmental Epidemiology (ISEE 2017). Sydney, Australia, 2017.
Toichuev R.M. Adverse effects of pesticide deposit sites Ak-Chabyr and Tash-Baka located in Bazar-Korgon and Suzak districts of Zhalal-Abad region (Kyrgyz Republic) on the population health an biota // Proceedings of the 11thHCH and Pesticides International forum, 7-9 September 2011, Azerbaijan.
Shtenberg A.I. Residual content of pesticides in food products. М.: Meditsyna, 1973. 181 p. [in Russian].
Copyright (c) 2019 R. M. Toichuev, and A. U. Toichueva
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
