Express method for sample preparation and sewage sludge waste toxicity biotesting
Abstract
The paper analyzes an effectiveness of using a cattle bile as a biogenic surfactant for transferring bounded toxic substances of sewage sludge (SS) into the aqueous form, along with its use in bioassays for testing toxicity of SS aqueous and bile extracts. Physical, chemical and biological parameters of bile solutions (surface tension strength, critical micellar concentration, solubilizing capacity), and also bile toxicity index for the test culture of E. gracilis microalgae cells have been determined. The obtained results indicate a high surface activity and good solubilizing properties of bile which provides a possibility of its use in SS sample preparation, isolation of hydrophobic pollutants from the samples, and biotesting their toxicity. A benchmarking analysis of aqueous and bile extracts of SS samples is carried out revealing an influence of bile on the survival and mobility of E. gracilis microalgae cells with the absence of toxic effect on the test culture at the bile concentration level of less than 1.0%. An assessment of toxicity level of bile extracts of SS at the bile concentration of 0.1% and 0.5% has revealed a 6–8 fold increase in the yield of toxic substances from SS as compared to the aqueous SS extracts. Overall, the results show a great potential for using bile for biotesting toxicity of SS. A strong correlation between the toxicity indicators of samples determined from the indices of the survival and mobility of E. gracilis cells makes it possible to reduce the duration of the SS toxicity bioassay from 24 h to 15 min.
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