Пиролиз пластиковых отходов. Обзор
Аннотация
Проблема утилизации пластиковых отходов чрезвычайно актуальна и имеет глобальное значение, поскольку мировое производство пластмасс имеет устойчивую тенденцию к росту. В настоящее время в мире производится порядка 400 млн т различных видов пластмасс, и, по прогнозам, к 2050 г. всего около 12000 млн т накопленных пластиковых отходов будет выброшено на свалки или в окружающую среду. При этом полимеры практически не разлагаются и не гниют, что значительно усугубляет сложившуюся ситуацию. Перспективным методом утилизации этих отходов является пиролиз, выгодно отличающийся от известных способов утилизации и имеющий дополнительное преимущество с точки зрения возможности преобразования пластиковых отходов в различные виды топлива (кокс, жидкое углеводородное и газообразное топливо). В обзоре обобщены сведения о видах пиролиза полимеров, механизме процесса, образующихся продуктах, их составе и наиболее используемых катализаторах. Сделан акцент на сравнительный анализ двух основных типов пиролиза термического (некаталитического) и каталитического. Приведены характеристики, пути и перспективы использования продуктов пиролиза пластиковых отходов. Представлено краткое изложение существующих проблем и препятствий, влияющих на развитие различных способов получения топлива при пиролизе.
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