Современные подходы к разработке эффективных организованных микрогетерогенных систем на основе детергентов для разложения фосфорорганических соединений. Обзор
Аннотация
Выяснение закономерностей влияния организованных сред на реакционную способность органических соединений, установление количественных закономерностей «структура–свойство–мицеллярные эффекты» и поиск путей модификации и функционализации микроорганизованных систем открывают широкие перспективы управления скоростями химических реакций. Решение такой задачи напрямую связано с минимизацией актов террористического воздействия и техногенных аварий. Разложение субстратов-экотоксикантов предполагает использование реакционной среды, удовлетворяющей критериям «Green chemistry», что является необходимым условием, и таковыми выступают растворы ПАВ. Для создания высокоэффективных организованных микрогетерогенных систем (ОМС) для катализа на основе димерных ПАВ были реализованы три следующих направления. Первое – варьирование структуры катионных ПАВ в реакциях щелочного гидролиза. Второе – конструирование ПАВ с реакционноспособным противоионом (дигалогенгалогенат) – системы широкого спектра действия, одновременно выступающей источником нуклеофильно-окислительного реагента и реализующей преимущества ОМС. Третье – формирование функционализированных наноразмерных ансамблей, обладающих на порядки более высокой эффективностью, чем не функционализированные. Мицеллярные эффекты в реакциях разложения 4-нитрофениловых эфиров диэтилфосфоновой, диэтилфосфорной и толуолсульфоновой кислот достигают ~ 102 (щелочной гидролиз) – 104 раз (системы на основе функционализированных ПАВ). При этом основной вклад в наблюдаемое ускорение при переносе процесса из воды в мицеллярную псевдофазу вносят эффекты концентрирования реагентов и изменение нуклеофильной реакционной способности. В этом случае важное значение имеют гидрофобные свойства ПАВ и субстратов, природа катионной части головной группы и мостикового звена.
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